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It is easy for us to tell our friends from our enemies.But can other animals do the same? Elephants can! They can use their sense of vision and smell to tell the difference between people who pose a threat and those who do not.
In Kenya, researchers found that elephants react differently to clothing worn by men of the Maasai and Kamba ethnic groups.Young Maasai men spear animals and thus pose a threat to elephants; Kamba men are mainly farmers and are not a danger to elephants.
In an experiment conducted by animal scientists, elephants were first presented with clean clothing or clothing that had been worn for five days by either a Maasai or a Kamba man.When the elephants detected the smell of clothing worn by a Maasai man, they moved away from the smell faster and took longer to relax than when they detected the smells of either clothing worn by Kamba men or clothing that had not been worn at all.
Garment color also plays a role, though in a different way.In the same study, when the elephants saw red clothing not worn before, they reacted angrily, as red is typically worn by Maasai men.Rather than running away as they did with the smell, the elephants acted aggressively toward the red clothing.
The researchers believe that the elephants’ emotional reactions are due to their different interpretations of the smells and the sights.Smelling a potential danger means that a threat is nearby and the best thing to do is run away and hide.Seeing a potential threat without its smell means that risk is low.Therefore, instead of showing fear and running away, the elephants express their anger and become aggressive.
1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about Kamba and Maasai people?
A.Maasai people are a threat to elephants.
B.Kamba people raise elephants for farming.
C.Both Kamba and Maasai people are elephant hunters.
D.Both Kamba and Maasai people traditionally wear red clothing.
2.How did the elephants react to smell in the study?
A.They attacked a man with the smell of new clothing.
B.They needed time to relax when smelling something unfamiliar.
C.They became anxious when they smelled Kamba-scented clothing.
D.They were frightened and ran away when they smelled their enemies.
3.What is the main idea of this passage?
A.Elephants use sight and smell to detect danger.
B.Elephants attack people who wear red clothing.
C.Scientists are now able to control elephants’ emotions.
D.Some Kenyan tribes understand elephants’ emotions very well.
4.What can be inferred about the elephant’s behavior from this passage?
A.Elephants learn from their experiences.
B.Elephants have sharper sense of smell than sight.
C.Elephants are more intelligent than other animals.
D.Elephants tend to attack rather than escape when in danger.
ADAA
How much electricity do you use? These days everyone is worried about the size of their carbon footprint.In order to reduce global warming we need to make our carbon footprints smaller.But how much CO2 are we responsible for?
A new book by Mike Berners Lee (a leading expert in carbon footprint) might be able to help.How Bad are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everything looks at the different things we do and buy, and calculates the amount of CO2 all of the following created: the ingredients (=parts of a mixture), the electricity used in the brewery, the equipment, the travel and commuting (交换) of the beer, and the packaging.It’s amazing how many different things need to be included in each calculation.And it’s frightening how much carbon dioxide everything produces.
But all of this can help us decide which beer to drink.From Berners-Lee’s calculations, it’s clear that a pint (568ml) of locally-brewed beer has a smaller carbon footprint than a bottle of imported beer.This is because the imported beer has been transported from far away, and it uses more packaging.The local beer only produces 300g of CO2, but the imported beer produces 900g! So, one pint of local beer is better for the environment than three cans of cheap foreign lager (淡啤酒) from the supermarket.
Berners-Lee has even calculated the carbon footprint of cycling to work.Nothing is more environmentally-friendly than riding a bike, surely? Well, it depends on what you’ve had to eat before.To ride a bike we need energy and for energy we need food.So if we eat a banana and then ride a kilometer and a half, our footprint is 65g of CO2.However, if we eat bacon before the bike ride, it’s 200g.In fact, bananas are good in general because they don’t need packaging, they can be transported by boat and they grow in natural sunlight.
So, does this mean that cycling is bad for the environment? Absolutely not, for a start, if you cycle, you don’t use your car, and the fewer cars on the road, the fewer traffic jams.And cars in traffic jams produce three times more CO2 than cars traveling at speed.Cycling also makes you healthy and less likely to go to a hospital.And hospitals have very big carbon footprints!
So maybe it’s time for us all to start making some changes.Pass me a banana and a pint of local beer, please.
5.According to Berners-Lee, which of the following produces the most carbon dioxide?
A.A pint of local beer we drink.
B.A pint of imported beer we drink.
C.A banana we eat before a bike ride.
D.The bacon we eat before a bike ride.
6.Why are bananas good in general?
A.They grow naturally.
B.They produces less CO2.
C.They don’t need packaging.
D.They provide energy for cycling.
7.The underlined word “brewery” in Paragraph 3 most probably means “___________”.
A.a factory where beer is made
B.a machine which makes beer
C.a container where beer is stored
D.one of the things from which beer is made
8.To make our carbon footprints smaller, we should often ___________.
A.cycle to work
B.drink more local beer
C.calculate the amount of CO2
D.buy cheap things from the supermarkets
9.What’s the most suitable title for the passage?
A.Bikes, Beer and Bananas
B.Starting to Make Changes
C.How Big Is Your Carbon Footprint?
D.The Carbon Footprint of Everything
BBAAC
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